Selecting the proper business structure is more than just what looks good on paper. The decision must reflect your business’s personality, goals, and the path you envision for its growth. In the world of business entities, S-Corporations (S-Corps) and C-Corporations (C-Corps) are two styles that, while similar in name, differ significantly in their fit for various business types. With a spotlight on C-Corps, we’ll separate the complexities of this business structure, shedding light on its benefits and potential drawbacks. By comparing it directly with its counterpart, the S-Corp, we will guide you through the complicated decision-making process, helping you choose the business structure that aligns perfectly with your long-term objectives.
What is a C Corp?
A C Corporation, or C Corp, is a business entity separate from its owners. Think of it as an independent person who can earn money, be taxed, and be held legally liable. This setup provides a strong separation between the business and the personal assets of its owners, protecting those owners if the company has debts or legal troubles.
Do C Corps Get 1099?
Quick detour: a 1099 form is used to report income other than wages, salaries, and tips (the income reported on a W-2 form). For C Corps, it’s a bit different. C Corps don’t usually get 1099 forms because they’re considered separate entities, and the IRS tracks their earnings differently. Instead, they deal with forms like the 1120, their tax return, to independent contractors who’ve paid over $600 in a fiscal year.
S Corp vs. C Corp
The main difference between S Corps and C Corps lies in how they are taxed. C Corps are taxed separately from their owners, while S Corps are “pass-through” entities, meaning the business’s income and losses pass through to the owners’ tax returns.
Let’s see the differences between S-Corps and C-Corps in a point-by-point comparison:
Taxation:
- S-Corp: Profits and losses pass through to the shareholders’ tax returns, avoiding double taxation.
- C-Corp: This type of corporation is subject to double taxation, where the corporation pays corporate income tax, and shareholders pay taxes on dividends.
Ownership Restrictions:
- S-Corp: This type of corporation is limited to 100 shareholders, all of whom must be U.S. citizens or residents and can only have one class of stock.
- C-Corp: No limit on the number of shareholders, can have international shareholders, and can issue multiple classes of stock.
Fiscal Year:
- S-Corp: In most cases, it must adopt a calendar year as its fiscal year.
- C-Corp: Can choose its fiscal year.
Stock:
- S-Corp: Only one class of stock is allowed, limiting the company’s ability to raise capital from various equity preferences.
- C-Corp: Can issue multiple classes of stock, which is attractive to venture capitalists and investors seeking different voting rights and dividend preferences.
Regulatory and Compliance Requirements:
- S-Corp: Generally faces fewer regulatory hurdles and compliance requirements than a C-Corp.
- C-Corp: Faces more stringent regulatory requirements and compliance standards.
Pros and Cons: C-Corp and S-Corp
C Corporations Pros:
- Suitable for Raising Capital: Investors love C Corps because they’re familiar with and have clear rules, making investing more accessible.
- Flexible Fiscal Year: C Corps can choose their financial year, which can help plan taxes better.
- Limited Liability Protection: Like a shield, a C Corp protects your assets from business troubles.
- No Tax on Reinvested Profits: Money back into the business doesn’t get taxed immediately.
C Corporations Cons:
- Double Taxation: The company pays taxes, and then you pay taxes again on what you earn.
- Higher Regulatory Requirements: C Corps have more rules to follow, which can be a headache.
- Ongoing Costs: Keeping up with legal and accounting stuff can get pricey.
- Not Ideal for Most Small Businesses: Because of the double taxation and extra costs, many small businesses might find C Corps too bulky.
S Corporations Pros:
- Avoids Double Taxation: Only the shareholders are taxed on their income from the corporation, not the corporation itself.
- Investment Opportunities: While less appealing than C-Corps to investors, S-Corps can still attract investment without double taxation.
- Business Expense Tax Credits: Shareholders can deduct business losses on their tax returns.
S Corporations Cons:
- Shareholder Restrictions: Limited to 100 shareholders must be U.S. citizens or residents.
- Stock Restrictions: Can only issue one class of stock, potentially limiting investment opportunities.
- Salary Requirements: Shareholders who work for the company must receive a reasonable salary subject to employment tax.
Which is Best for LLC: S-Corp vs. C-Corp?
If your business is an LLC, you can be taxed as an S-Corp or a C-Corp. The right choice depends on your business goals, size, and financial plans. S-Corp taxation can benefit small to medium businesses, prioritizing tax savings and simpler distributions over raising large amounts of capital.
Should I Form a C-Corp?
C corporations are not a good fit for most small businesses. They have double taxation and higher regulatory requirements and costs. An LLC or an S corporation would be a better choice. Check out our video on why you should NOT form a C Corp.
Forming a C Corp makes sense if:
- You’re planning to go public or attract big investors.
- You want flexibility in setting your fiscal year.
- You’re okay with dealing with more paperwork and regulations for protection and growth potential.
If these sound like they’re not your cup of tea, or if you’re keeping things small and simple, think twice.
How to Form a C Corporation
Forming a C Corp involves a few steps:
- Choose a Name: It has to be unique and not already taken by another business.
- File Articles of Incorporation: This is like your company’s birth certificate.
- Appoint Directors: These are the people who will oversee big company decisions.
- Create Bylaws: The rulebook on how your company runs.
- Get Licenses and Permits: Depending on what your business does, you might need special permissions.
- Issue Stock: This is how you get investors on board.
Tax Return and Tax Requirement
Tax Return
C-Corps file a corporate tax return (Form 1120) and pay taxes at the corporate rate on any profits. If dividends are distributed to shareholders, those dividends are taxed again on the shareholders’ tax returns.
Tax Requirement and Due
In addition to regular income taxes, C-Corps may be subject to various state and federal taxes, such as employment and excise taxes, depending on the nature of the business. The exact tax due dates can vary, but generally, C-Corps must pay estimated taxes quarterly if they expect to owe $500 or more in corporate taxes for the year.
Bottom Line
While C-Corps offers full opportunities for growth and investment, they’re not a one-size-fits-all solution. While the appeal of attracting venture capital and the prestige of a corporate structure may be tempting, it’s essential to consider the practical implications, especially the impact of double taxation and the administrative burden.
For many smaller businesses and LLCs contemplating their next move, an S-Corp might provide a more suitable blend of liability protection and tax advantages without the complexities of a C-Corp. Ultimately, your choice should align with your business strategy, financial goals, and plans to scale your operations.
Remember, it’s always wise to consult with a financial advisor or a tax professional to help navigate these decisions. They can provide personalized advice based on your business scenario, ensuring you choose the path that best supports your ambitions and growth potential.
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